Assessing the potential delivery of ecosystem services by farmlands under contrasting management intensities

Farming systems under contrasting management practices can contribute differently to the delivery of bundles ecosystem services (ES) in agricultural landscapes. Low intensity farming systems, such as High Nature Value farmlands, are expected deliver a wider range ES, whereas landscapes more intensive mainly provisioning services. Understanding associated with desirable outcomes terms biodiversity and ES is needed. Our research aimed understand links between landscapes, their socio-ecological drivers, using region northern Portugal case study. Based on publicly available data ecosystems we analyzed associations, delineated bundles, investigated relationship drivers. Overall, our results suggested spatial trade-offs delivering high economic value, balanced set multiple ES. Bundle analysis highlighted an association higher landscape multifunctionality values complexity, number farmers, farm sizes. reflected complexity social ecological factors operating at level, pinpointed disclosed conditions underlying occurrence. The also importance low-intensity namely those supporting for scale.